Although, it was Sep 7, 2022 · AS part of measures to end the nearly seven-month-old strike by the Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU), the Nigerian government on Tuesday approved a 35 per cent salary increase for professors in the nation’s federal universities. These categories of university staff are regulated by a union referred to Behind its academic success lies a dedicated team of non-academic staff crucial for its daily operations. The following factors can affect the amount of salary a lecturer earns: Numbers of publication. Aug 10, 2019 · This is the acronym for Consolidated Tertiary Institutions Salary Structure II. Download scientific diagram | Salary Structure of Academic Staff of Public Universities in Uganda in year 2018/2019 from publication: Professor’s Optimal Workload Problem and His Remunerations Apr 30, 2017 · The new university salary structure indicates that the basic pay has Union of Universities (ASUU), Non-Academic Staff Union of Educational and Associated Institutions (NASU), Senior Staff In Nigeria, the non-academic staff at universities play a crucial role in ensuring the smooth functioning of these institutions. Sep 7, 2021 · The table below shows the Consolidated Polytechnic & Colleges of Education Academic Staff Salary Structure (CONPASS) per annum. Sep 22, 2023 · The Federal Government has approved 25 per cent salary increment to lecturers and non-academic staff of the nation’s Federal institutions. Sep 23, 2023 · “Consolidated Tertiary Institutions Salary Structure II for non-Academic Staff of Federal Universities, with effect from 1st January, 2023. Sep 22, 2023 · The Federal Government has increased the salaries for academic and non-academic staff of its tertiary institutions, including universities, polytechnics and colleges of education by 25 per cent. pls i will like to know the monthly salary of contiss 07 step 2. “Consolidated Tertiary Education Institutions Salary Structure for Non–Academic Staff of Federal Polytechnics and Colleges of Education, with effect from 1st January, 2023. The previous one being used was CONTISS I; this was formalized in 2007. for Academic Staff of Federal University with Sep 22, 2023 · i. CONTISS II, in its turn, is an addition to the first CONTISS document. Consolidated University Academic Salary Structure II (CONUASS II) for Academic Staff of Federal University The memo also states that arrears of the salary increase will be paid from January 1, 2023. Similar to European institutions, the share of non-academic staff to total staff is constant over time. The salary structure for academic staff is usually reviewed periodically by the government. May 23, 2018 · The CONTISS salary structure was put into effect on January 1, 2007. com Abstract The academic staff of public universities in Nigeria went on six months strike in 2013 over federal government’s non-adherence and implementation of the 2009 FGN/ASUU Agreement. Re: Need Info On Salary Of A Non Academic Staff In A Federal University by Onaslife9: 6:49pm On Jan 23, 2020. But Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) in 2001 proposed the African average salary scale for academics to address the academic attrition problem. Headcounts are largely composed of Non-Academic Staff who occupy 79% of the total in 2023–24. 00 X N23,306 - N957,402) Lecturer II/ Research Fellow II CONUASS 3 (N897,501 X N25,259 - N1,074,314) This is evident in the activities of Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) as observed below. 9 month ranges are for academic year non-vacation accruing positions, sometimes referred to as c-basis, and do not apply to University Staff employees. iii. Salary ranges can be viewed annually or hourly using the options below. Note: During the transition to a new human resource structure in 2015 (HR Design) and in 2021 with the Title and Total Compensation Project, current FLSA-exempt University Staff employees are able to choose to move to an Academic Staff appointment or to stay in the employee's University Staff appointment. Lecturer I: Earns between N173,333 to N223,668 monthly and between N2,079,996 to N2,684,010 yearly. President Bola Tinubu has approved the release of four months’ withheld salary to members of the Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) following their eight month-long strike in 2022 Feb 17, 2022 · 1. The Academic and Non-Academic Staff. The survey research design was adopted for the study. 52484 Jan 4, 2024 · Implemented in 2010, the CONUASS salary structure has different levels based on academic ranks. Mar 19, 2010 · The non-academic staff of a university is of two groups: the junior non-academic staff and the senior non-academic staff. Nevertheless, in some universities it can reach up to N4,455,506 for one year! A Senior Lecturer's salary starts from N3,091,505 and can reach up to N4,455,506 per year. Step 1- Step 6 Jul 6, 2022 · Consolidated Tertiary Institutions Salary Structure (CONTISS) Salary structure for non-academic staff of universities and all staff of other federal tertiary institutions such as Teaching hospitals, colleges of education, polytechnics and non-academic staff of federal universities such as laboratory technologists and assistants etc. To attain the position of Lecturer II in Nigerian University, candidates must possess M. D. 13140/RG. 5% to a more generous 25%. Also, it will pay Feb 17, 2022 · Overall, the average share of non-academic staff across American universities is around 64%, while office and administrative support constitutes the highest share of non-academic staff, which is 22% on average. Sep 23, 2022 · The Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) commenced its ongoing strike on February 14, 2022, as the Federal Government failed to meet some of its demands, including the release of revitalisation funds for universities, renegotiation of the 2009 FGN/ASUU agreement, release of earned allowances for university lecturers, and deployment of the University Transparency and Accountability Sep 22, 2023 · Read also: FG prioritises N675bn petrol subsidy over lecturers’ salaries Adamu had while addressing Pro-Chancellors and Vice Chancellors of Federal Universities, in Abuja, early this year, disclosed that an agreement was reached with the ASUU members that henceforth, allowances that pertain to ad-hoc duties of the academic and non-academic staff shall be paid as at when due by the Governing Sep 23, 2023 · The Federal Government has increased the salaries for academic and non-academic staff of its tertiary institutions, including universities, polytechnics and colleges of education, by 25 per cent Lastly,the average salary of the Principal Assistant RegistrarisN204, 713. A Lecturer II can earn up to N1,979,640 per annum! The Oct 3, 2023 · However, here are the monthly and yearly salary structures of lecturers in Nigeria. Dec 10, 2014 · Findings from the descriptive statistics showed that affective commitment among librarians in public universities in South-South Nigeria was high (M=3. Consolidated Tertiary Institutions Salary Structure II (CONTISS II): Salary structure for Non-Academic Staff of Federal Universities Jan 1, 2016 · Findings revealed that for the federal universities, an average structure of approximately 23:22:55 percent existed; the state universities recorded an average of approximately 20:17:63 percent Oct 20, 2023 · Those with a WAEC result are placed on the minimum wage with additional allowances, while those without a WAEC result receive a fixed salary of ₦55,000. Editorial Experience will be an added advantage. Here’s an overview: 1. The first one (CONTISS I) was formulated in 2007. Staff headcounts are displayed for regular, benefits-eligible university employees by academic versus non-academic staff groups. The least salary a lecturer can earn under the new minimum wage is N1,257,460. Dec 30, 2023 · The population for the study has a total number of twelve public universities in the Southwestern, Nigeria (Federal and State) with 12,346 academic staff from which a total number of 1,440 Jun 30, 2020 · The study adopts a convenience and stratified sampling technique to select 293 non-academic staffs in selected public universities in Nigeria and the analysis was carried out using the structural South-West federal universities and their impact on staff effectiveness. Inefficiency in Nigerian Universities The non-academic department in a university system consists of works, bursary, librarian, medical personnel, exams and records, confidential secretaries, cleaners/messengers, administrative staff, account, security personnel among others. However, as a general guideline, here’s an overview of typical salary ranges for some common non-academic staff positions: Library Assistant: N30,000 – N60,000 per month. This article aims to shed light on the current salary structure, challenges faced by non-academic staff, and the pressing need for reform. 7. After d ata screening, 254 respondents made up t he final sample o f t he METHODOLOGY The study adopted the survey research design. A letter from the Office of the Auditor General of the Federation dated September 21, 2023 confirmed the increment. The monthly salary of lecturer II is N130,002 after gross deductions. Security Personnel: N25,000 – N45,000 per month. However, their salary structure often goes unnoticed, leading to undervaluation of their contributions. The result of examination is presented in Table 1, the salary structure of the administrative officers in the State University under study is higher than that of the Federal. The Academic Staff Union of Universities ( ASUU) is a Nigerian union of university academic staff, founded in 1978. Salary … Jan 1, 2017 · The Emergence of Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) The Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) according to Egbohkare (2001) came into existence in 1958. Sep 23, 2023 · “Consolidated Tertiary Institutions Salary Structure II for non-Academic Staff of Federal Universities, with effect from January 1, 2023. 55k Actually, the salary structure of this cadre of personnel in the private sector is not the same; while the salary structure is very high in one of the above two private universities the salary is lower in the second. The Academic Staff Union Of Universities (ASUU) has explained why it rejected the federal government’s offer of academic salary structure. com Mohammad Kabir Isah, PhD2 emkayisa@yahoo. Administrative Officer: N40,000 – N80,000 per month. Consolidated Tertiary Institutions Salary Structure II (CONTISS II) for non-Academic Staff of Federal Universities, with effect from 1 January, 2023. Re: Non Academic Staff Salary Scale In A Federal University by KreScendo ( m ): 11:45am On Aug 03, 2018. Consolidated Polytechnics and Colleges of Education Salary Structure (CONPCASS) for Academic Staff of Federal Polytechnics and Colleges of Education with effect from 1 January, 2023. 86); librarians' job contains job Feb 3, 2020 · The federal institutions across the country pay their non-academic staff members according to this salary scale. Staff development the issue of brain drain was a very common event some years back. CONTISS has 15 levels, ranging from Level 01 to Level 15. Mar 12, 2024 · At the entry level, non-academic staff at polytechnics earn a basic salary of N100,000 to N150,000 per month. Jun 1, 2019 · The Academic Staff Union of Universities (then known as the National Association of University Teachers, NAUT) in the pre-1978 period were adjudged the most passive workers' union in Nigeria. Cornell has approximately 700 staff job profiles that are organized into 15 job families (for example, academic support, finance, IT, student support, health) across 9 pay bands (A through I). The academic and the non-academic staff of the three SouthWest federal universities in Nigeria constituted the - population for the study from which 1385 participants were selected as samples. Senior Lecturer: Earns between N257,625 to N371,292 monthly May 25, 2022 · The academic staff of public universities in Nigeria went on six months strike in 2013 over federal government's non-adherence and implementation of the 2009 FGN/ASUU Agreement. The following table shows the CONTISS salary range for each level of non-academic staff: It is important to note that these are just the basic Aug 20, 2017 · For those interested in taking up a lecturing job in any Nigerian Federal University, below is a detailed information on the salary scale of lecturers. The reconstruction of the union into industrial lines led to the formation of Academic Staff Union of Universities machakos university academic and non academic staff salary scales academic staff non academic staff s/no. Consolidated Polytechnic & Colleges of Education Academic Staff Salary Structure (CONPASS) (Level 1-6 Aug 10, 2020 · Salary of Lecturer II in Nigerian University. A Lecturer I can earn as much as N2,079,996 per year. The study covered four universities in Benue State with a total of 40139 academic staff union of universities, students, and non-academic staff union formed the study population. Their primary objective is to provide assistance to students and academic staff in order to achieve the goals of the university. CONTISS II is the acronym for Consolidated Tertiary Institutions Salary Structure II. Recall that at the resumed meeting of the Federal The role of non-academic staff in an institution is typically seen as encompassing the tasks of planning, organising, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting, and budgeting (POSDCORB). The faculty. Institutions Salary Structure for non-Academic Staff Sep 22, 2023 · III. Aug 24, 2015 · Consolidated University Academic Salary Structure (CONUASS): Salary structure for the academic staff of federal universities. 2. On the other hand, the highest-paid university academic staff will earn N 6,664,214. Aug 3, 2018 · It should not be upto 70k for a start. Re: Non Academic Staff Salary Scale In A Federal University by heskeyw ( m ): 12:52pm Salary: CONTISS 07 (N 590, 191. “Consolidated Tertiary Institutions Salary Structure II for non-Academic Staff of Federal Universities, with effect from 1st January, 2023. Consolidated Medical Salary Structure (CONMESS Nov 1, 2021 · subsequently distributed to non-academic staff employees of the two universities based on convenience sampling technique. You can read about the other New Minimum Wage here. Establishment of Educational Trust Fund (Now renamed and refocused as Tertiary Educational Trust Fund) Recommendations From the foregoing , this paper wants to make the following recommendations: 1. with a minimum of 2 years teaching experience. The increase cuts across levels as chief lecturers and professors will benefit from a 35 per cent increment. It affects all non teaching staff in all federal government owned universities. All the staff belongs to the three unions (ASUU, SSANU and NASU). Each level has a salary range, which is determined by the staff member’s experience, qualifications, and performance. The study adopted a survey design. The salaries of lecturers in private universities might be completely different. CONTISS II. The salary levels are also based on qualifications and experience. 16600. Issued in 2009 to make the effect of the previous document more complete and expanded, it consolidates the previous structure with a peculiar allowance meant for non-academic staff at universities and a rent subsidy. Fifty non-academic staff who are permanent staff are selected from each of these universities making a total of three hundred non-academic staffs. 00 - N 868 Dec 23, 2019 · CONUASS is an acronym for Consolidated University Academic Structure and it was adopted in 2010. The Minister of Education, Mallam Adamu Adamu, gave this hint last Tuesday, 6th September, 2022, at a meeting held at the National Federal University Dutsin-Ma (FUDMA) in Nigeria is a respected institution with a significant non-academic staff base supporting its operations. This augmentation applies to the six remaining consolidated salary structures, namely the Consolidated Public Service Salary Structure (CONPSS), Consolidated Research and It is important to mention that the above salary scale is per annum. A professor must have had at fifteen years experience at the least and equally many publications and professors are well respected. Recommended: Salary of doctors in Nigeria 2024. The university someone lectures. The position can also be attained with Ph. At that time, NAUT consisted of only five universities in total including University of Ibadan, University of Nigeria Aug 24, 2015 · Consolidated Research and Allied Institutions Salary Structure (CONRAISS) : A salary structure for Research, Training and Allied Institutions in the Federal Public Service. This is the structure on which salaries of non-academic staff members of all federal universities are placed. The Federal Government has approved a substantial increase in salary ranging from 25% to 35% for civil servants across various consolidated salary structures. Consolidated Medical Salary Structure (CONMESS) : Salary structure for Medical and Dental Officers in the Federal Public Service. 2023 TVET Rank and Salary Scale TVET/NTPC Scale Position Step 0 Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Step 8 Step 9 Step 10 Tutor $21,250 $21,888 $22,545 $23,220 $23,918 $24,634 $31,047 $31,513 $31,985 $32,466 Assistant Instructor $32,875 $33,860 $34,876 $35,922 $37,351 $38,471 Ad. The role’s responsibilities. The increment cut across universities, polytechnics and colleges of educations. The CONTISS (Consolidated Tertiary Institutions Salary Scale) originated from the university salary structure (USS) introduced in the 1980s. The average salary of a professor is N342, 442. Level 1- Graduate Assistant Salary Scale(CONUASS 1). The salary structure features lecturer grades in colleges of education such as Reader, Senior Lecturer, Lecturer I, Lecturer II, Lecturer III, and Assistant Lecturer. It also investigated the level at which these elements are present in the task structure among the non-teaching staff in Nigerian public universities. A notable federal University in the East pays 84k for Non-academic positions, but I am sure some schools pay higher. This applies to very senior and experienced lecturers at Level 9 Step These pay grades provide the salary structure for most of the Academic Staff, Limited Appointee, and University Staff employees. Sep 22, 2023 · "Consolidated Polytechnics and Colleges of Education Salary Structure (CONPCASs) for Academic Staff of Federal Polytechnics and Colleges of Education with effect from 1 January, 2023. Under the newly approved policy, junior staff at tertiary institutions will receive a raise in their salary increment, up from the previous 23. Many of these departments are greatly inefficient at their The population of the study are selected non-academic staffs of federal and state universities in Nigeria. Structure. Feb 1, 2024 · Professor: So far this is the highest cadre of the lecturing job. Thus, three federal universities and three state universities are selected for the study. ASUU is an offshoot of the Nigerian Association of University Teachers (NAUT) which was established in 1965. Head of Department: N50,000 – N100,000 per month. COLLECTIVE BARGAINING IN NIGERIA: ASUU AND FEDERAL GOVERNMENT FACE-OFF IN PERSPECTIVE Matthew Funsho Bello, PhD1 matthewfbello@gmail. However, concerns have been raised about the salary structure for these staff members, which often falls below the living standards in Katsina State, where FUDMA is situated. This was contained Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the elements of job enrichment and organizational performance. The target population of the study includes all the academic and non-academic staff in the three South-West first generation federal universities. Sep 23, 2023 · “Consolidated Polytechnics and Colleges of Education Salary Structure for Academic Staff of Federal Polytechnics and Colleges of Education with effect from 1st January, 2023. Salary: CONTISS 07 (N 590, 191. Oct 20, 2023 · A A. This salary is significantly lower than the cost of living in many parts of Nigeria, where polytechnics are located. Consolidated University Academic Salary Structure (CONUASS): this is the salary package which applies to officials of the academic staff of federal universities. RECOMMENDED: NIMASA Recruitment 2023 Application Form. job group salary scale salary scale 1 18 420,567-744,078 2 17 336,478-470,711 3 15 170,681-248,898 170,681-248,898 4 14 145,441-203,605 135,859-189,813 5 13 112,038-159,720 106,327-149,940 6 12 99,409-140,683 94,347-131,736 Jul 2, 2015 · This study examined the efficacy of social predictors of female academics’ career growth and leadership position in Nigerian universities. Consolidated Tertiary Education Institutions Salary Structure (CONTEDISS) non-Academic Staff of Federal Polytechnics and Colleges of Education IV. 2m to Shs11. 00) For position No. The assistance of non-academic . Apr 30, 2024 · April 30, 2024. Lecturer II: Earns between N137, 459 to N164,970 monthly and between N1,649,509 to N1,979,640 yearly. ITF Recruitment 2023 Application Nov 2, 2023 · In this paper, we applied dynamic programming model for optimization of Consolidated University Academic Salary Structure II (CONUASS II) for the overall interest of the academic staff and the The Federal Government offered 23. Each staff position is placed into a job profile classification within this structure based on the required qualifications and complexity of work. 8m, deputy vice chancellors will earn Shs10. " As of the time of filing this report, the presidency has not released any official statement regarding the purported salary increment. Sep 22, 2023 · “Consolidated Tertiary Institutions Salary Structure II for non-Academic Staff of Federal Universities, with effect from 1st January, 2023. 6m Nov 1, 2019 · Consolidated Tertiary Institutions Salary Structure II (CONTISS II): Salary structure for Non-Academic Staff of Federal Universities. Based on the 2009 FG-ASUU Agreement. On the other hand, the highest-paid lecturer will receive N5,975,291. The strike led to the proscription of ASUU on August 7, 1988 by the then Military Administration of General Ibrahim Jun 16, 2023 · The impact of academic staff union of universities’ strikes on Nigerian students June 2023 International Journal of Innovative Research in Education 10(1):110-122 Salary Ranges. Sc. Professor: – Approximate earnings range from N4,508,349 to N6,020,163 per annum. Sounds complicated, right? Don’t worry, we’ll break it down. Overall, the total headcount has grown every year since 2014–15 except in 2020–21. 5 per cent salary increase for all categories of the workforce in federal universities, except for the professorial cadre, which would enjoy a 35 per cent upward review. Re: Need Info On Salary Of A Non Academic Staff In A Federal University by Mrgreatness ( m ): 3:45pm On Sep 07, 2018. However, the salary increments are Sep 7, 2021 · This list of salaries applies to lecturers in federal and state universities. These salary scales are subject to the employer’s policies and any applicable government regulations. Sep 22, 2023 · This decision comes as a positive development for university and college employees who have long advocated for improved compensation. It is a 15-grade salary structure and each scale consists of a number of steps ranging from 15 for lower grade to 9 for the highest grades. This salary structure applies to the non-academic staff of Jan 5, 2024 · Extant literature has provided information about the conflict in Nigerian universities; however, there is a dearth of studies that specifically look into the causes and effects of conflict between academic staff and non-teaching staff. Mar 1, 2010 · Osang (2002) says that in December 1992, when Prof Babatunde Fafunwa was Education Minister, the federal government approved a separate University salary table that favoured members of the Academic Staff Union of Nigerian Universities (ASUU), when NASU heard of the disparity in the salary table, they embarked on a 42-day nationwide strike to Mar 6, 2023 · Consolidated University Academic Structure, also known as CONUASS, was implemented in 2010 and serves as the compensation scale for all academic staff members working at universities in Nigeria that are owned and operated by the Federal Government of Nigeria. 84k per month. On the other hand, CONTISS has a similar structure with levels ranging from Level 1 to Level 15. A or M. Understanding the Salary Structure: At FUDMA, the basic salary for entry-level non-academic staff ranges from N150,000 to N200,000 A potential crisis that may disrupt academic activities in Nigerian universities is brewing as the federal government’s decision to pay the Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) four Oct 30, 2020 · industrial unrest in public universities and its effects on the nigeria educational system: a case study of academic staff union of universities (asuu) October 2020 DOI: 10. 2. 2 Likes. A sample size of 1,385 staff (academic and non- academic) was randomly Four research questions guided the study and four hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0. Assistant Lecturer/Arts Fellow II / Librarian II CONUASS 2 (N794,260. In 1988, ASUU went on strike on the following set of demands: Implementation of the EUSS. This salary scale applies to the university academic staff at Level 1 Step 1. Consolidated University Academic Salary Structure (CONUASS) For Nigeria Universities. qualification without teaching experience. Get a High Paying Job in Canada Without a University degree – Apply Now High Paying Ware Housing Jobs in Canada – Apply Now Best 15 Ways To Move to Canada in 2024/25 Mar 12, 2024 · The CONTISS salary structure is divided into 15 levels, from Level 01 to Level 15. 3. This salary scale applies to a lecturer at Level 1 Step 1. Reader: – Salary starts from N3,091,221 per annum, reaching up to N4,455,506 in certain universities. Mar 24, 2023 · The salary levels are usually based on academic qualifications and experience. ii. Results show that the composite effect of the social Jan 19, 2019 · In the new structure, the salaries of vice chancellors of the public universities have been increased from Shs11. Overall, the average share of non-academic staff across American universities is around 64%, while office and administrative support constitutes the highest share of non-academic staff, which is 22% on average. 5 per cent increase for lecturers in the institutions. Sep 22, 2023 · The Federal Government has agreed to pay lecturers arrears from January 2023 till date while also raising salaries for academic and non-academic staff of all its tertiary institutions across the country to 25 per cent. Sep 22, 2023 · The Federal Government of Nigeria has approved the implementation of 35 percent and 23 percent salary increments for Staff of all Federal tertiary institutions in the country. Job assigned to salary grades 15–35 are the new salary structure that was created during the TTC Project. However, there’s a concerning issue that’s been overshadowing their commitment – the salary structure. The previous salary structure, CONTISS I, was developed in 2007 but was later dropped, which allowed CONTISS II to be modified in 2009 and is still in use today. The government also approved 23. Jan 23, 2018 · A Reader's salary in Nigeria starts from N3,091,221 per annum. SALARY SCALE. As non-academic staff gain more experience, they may receive a salary increment. 1m up from Shs9. Setting up of a Joint Negotiation Committee between the Federal Government and the University Staff Unions: and, University Autonomy. 5: Applicants must possess a good Bachelor’s degree from a recognized Higher Institution and show evidence of completion of, or exemption from the National Youth Service Corps (NYSC). Consolidated Tertiary Institutions Salary Structure II is known as What’s the Salary Like for University Non-Academic Staff? The salary structure for these hardworking staff members is based on something called the Consolidated Tertiary Institutions Salary Structure (CONTISS). Had it been that the salary structure is the same Apr 26, 2023 · Universities (ASUU), Non-Academic Staff Union (NASU) and others. Employees paid over nine months can view their salary range by clicking Academic (9-month) Salary or Academic (9-month) Hourly buttons below. Against this backdrop, this study uses explanatory sequential mixed method design lenses to appraise the causes and effects of conflict between the two groups The least salary a university academic staff working in the Federal Public Service can earn under the new minimum wage is N1,478, 046. Mar 30, 2023 · Non- Teaching staff of universities based on the 2001 federal government/SSANU agreement; undue delay and procrastination in the payment of the 24 months areas of monetization (2003- 2005) in spite of The provision of separate salary scale for the University lecturers as Universities Academic Staff Salary Structure (UASS). 00 - N 868, 105. This is the salary structure that all non-academic staff members of Federal universities are placed. 05 level of significance. nd ci qo oz hr aw ed sk gn ws